12/30/2023 0 Comments Io moon nasaDistant observations by Galileo allowed planetary scientists to study changes on the surface that resulted from the moon's active volcanism. Galileo allowed detailed study of both the planet and its satellites, including six flybys of Io between late 1999 and early 2002 that provided high-resolution images and spectra of Io's surface, confirming the presence of high-temperature silicate volcanism on Io. NASA launched the Galileo spacecraft in 1989, which entered Jupiter's orbit in December 1995. The Voyagers observed the Io plasma torus and Io's sulfur dioxide ( SOĢ) atmosphere for the first time. Voyager 1, during its encounter in March 1979, observed active volcanism on Io for the first time and mapped its surface in great detail, particularly the side that faces Jupiter. In 1979, the two Voyager spacecraft flew through the Jupiter system. Data from the Pioneers also revealed an intense belt of radiation near Io and suggested the presence of an atmosphere. The flybys of the two Pioneer probes, Pioneer 10 and 11 in 19, provided the first accurate measurement of Io's mass and size. In the 1960s the moon's effect on Jupiter's magnetic field was discovered. The advent of uncrewed spaceflight in the 1950s and 1960s provided an opportunity to observe Io up-close. Improved telescope technology in the late 19th and 20th centuries allowed astronomers to resolve large-scale surface features on Io as well as to estimate its diameter and mass. This resonance was later found to have a profound effect on the geologies of these moons. Based on ephemerides produced by astronomer Giovanni Cassini and others, Pierre-Simon Laplace created a mathematical theory to explain the resonant orbits of three of Jupiter's moons, Io, Europa, and Ganymede. During the 17th century, observations of Io and the other Galilean satellites helped with the measurement of longitude by map makers and surveyors, with validation of Kepler's Third Law of planetary motion, and with measurement of the speed of light. ![]() Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was the first to record an observation of Io on January 8, 1610, though Simon Marius may have also observed Io at around the same time. ![]() The exploration of Io, Jupiter's innermost Galilean and third-largest moon, began with its discovery in 1610 and continues today with Earth-based observations and visits by spacecraft to the Jupiter system. Overview of the exploration of Io, Jupiter's innermost Galilean and third-largest moon Painting illustrating a flyby of Io by the Galileo spacecraft
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